| Catalog No. | Size | Price (USD) |
| 40591-V08H3-1 | 1 mg | $5,603.03 |
| 40591-V08H3-100 | 100 µg | $666.50 |
General Information
| Formulation | Lyophilized from sterile PBS,pH 7.4 Please contact us for any concerns or special requirements. Normally 5 % - 8 % trehalose, mannitol and 0.01% Tween80 are added as protectants before lyophilization. Please refer to the specific buffer information in the hardcopy of datasheet or the lot-specific COA. |
| Endotoxin | < 1.0 EU per μg protein as determined by the LAL method. |
| Shipping | In general, recombinant proteins are provided as lyophilized powder which are shipped at ambient temperature. Bulk packages of recombinant proteins are provided as frozen liquid. They are shipped out with blue ice unless customers require otherwise. |
| Stability & Storage | Samples are stable for up to twelve months from date of receipt at -20℃ to -80℃. Store it under sterile conditions at -20℃ to -80℃. It is recommended that the protein be aliquoted for optimal storage. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. |
| Reconstitution | To find reconstitution info, click on 'COA' at the top of the page, enter the lot number and product size for the lot-specific COA. |
| Purity | > 90 % as determined by SDS-PAGE. > 90 % as determined by SEC-HPLC. |
| Activity | 1. Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized human ACE2 protein (Fc tag)(10108-H05H) at 2 μg/mL (100 μL/well) can bind 2019-nCoV S1(D614G)h(40591-V08H3), the EC 50 of 2019-nCoV S1(D614G)h(40591-V08H3) is 250-650 ng/mL. 2. Loaded ACE2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (mFc Tag) (Cat. No. 10108-H05H) on AMC Biosensor, can bind SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) Spike S1(D614G)-His Recombinant Protein (Cat. No. 40591-V08H3) with an affinity constant of 57.7 nM as determined by Octet RED System. |
| Protein Construction | A DNA sequence encoding the SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) Spike S1(D614G)-His Recombinant Protein (YP_009724390.1) (Val16-Arg685(D614G)) was expressed with a polyhistidine tag at the C-terminus. |
| Accession# | YP_009724390.1 |
| Expressed Host | HEK293 Cells |
| Species | SARS-CoV-2 |
| Predicted N Terminal | Val16 |
| Molecule Mass | The recombinant SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) Spike S1(D614G)-His Recombinant Protein consists of 681 amino acids and predicts a molecular mass of 76.41 kDa. |
Image / Experimental Information
| Image 1 Alt Text | 2019-nCoV Coronavirus spike Protein 30143 |
| Image 1 URL | Source image |
| Image 2 Alt Text | 2019-nCoV Coronavirus spike Protein 30197 |
| Image 2 URL | Source image |
| Image 3 Alt Text | 2019-nCoV Coronavirus spike Protein 30287 |
| Image 3 URL | Source image |
| Image 4 Alt Text | SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus spike Protein 33244 |
| Image 4 URL | Source image |
Background Information
| Description | The spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses contains protrusions that will only bind to certain receptors on the host cell. Known receptors bind S1 are ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2), DPP4 (dipeptidyl peptidase-4), APN (aminopeptidase N), CEACAM (carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule), Sia (sialic acid), O-ac Sia (O-acetylated sialic acid). The spike is essential for both host specificity and viral infectivity. The term 'peplomer' is typically used to refer to a grouping of heterologous proteins on the virus surface that function together. The spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses is known to be essential in the binding of the virus to the host cell at the advent of the infection process. It's been reported that SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 coronavirus, 2019-nCoV) can infect the human respiratory epithelial cells through interaction with the human ACE2 receptor. The spike protein is a large type I transmembrane protein containing two subunits, S1 and S2. S1 mainly contains a receptor binding domain (RBD), which is responsible for recognizing the cell surface receptor. S2 contains basic elements needed for the membrane fusion. The S protein plays key parts in the induction of neutralizing-antibody and T-cell responses, as well as protective immunity. The main functions for the Spike protein are summarized as: Mediate receptor binding and membrane fusion; Defines the range of the hosts and specificity of the virus; Main component to bind with the neutralizing antibody; Key target for vaccine design; Can be transmitted between different hosts through gene recombination or mutation of the receptor binding domain (RBD), leading to a higher mortality rate. |
| References |
|
[{"title":"Dual-targeting engineered binding proteins block SARS-CoV-2 infection and complement activation.","authors":["Fan Pu","Yiwan Guo","...","Fan Yang"],"journal":"Antiviral research","date":"2026-08-23","pmid":"42633862","doi":"10.1016/j.antiviral.2026.106515","pmcid":"","cited_by_count":0,"techniques":["Binding Assay","Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay","Incubation"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"DNA vaccine for SARS-COV-2","authors":["Hironori Nakagami","Ryuichi Morishita","...","Takao Komatsuno"],"journal":"","date":"2026-07-07","pmid":"","doi":"","pmcid":"","cited_by_count":0,"techniques":["Mutagenesis","Plasmid Preparation","Produced","Recombinant"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"Circadian immunometabolic states impart a temporal response to SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins in mammalian macrophages","authors":["Buel Sharleen M.","Balaraman Jayashree","...","Hurley Jennifer M."],"journal":"bioRxiv","date":"2026-02-25","pmid":"","doi":"10.64898/2026.02.24.707668","pmcid":"","cited_by_count":0,"techniques":["Biomarker Discovery","Comparison","Control","Functional Assay","Incubation","Labeling","Membrane","Staining","Standard Deviation"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"Highly Efficient Site-Specific and Cassette Mutagenesis of Plasmids Harboring GC-Rich Sequences.","authors":["Paulina Varela-Castillo","Ethan Zhou","...","Xiang-Jiao Yang"],"journal":"Cells","date":"2025-12-24","pmid":"41440036","doi":"","pmcid":"","cited_by_count":2,"techniques":["Expressing","Isolation","Plasmid Preparation","Recombinant","Sequencing"],"bioz_score":"93"},{"title":"Garlic-Derived Phytochemical Candidates Predicted to Disrupt SARS-CoV-2 RBD–ACE2 Binding and Inhibit Viral Entry","authors":["Martha Susana García-Delgado","Aldo Fernando Herrera-Rodulfo","...","Rumyana Simeonova"],"journal":"Molecules","date":"2025-12-01","pmid":"41375212","doi":"","pmcid":"","cited_by_count":0,"techniques":["Binding Assay","Control","Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"Mechanisms of superior respiratory IgA responses against SARS-CoV-2 after mucosal vaccination","authors":["Tang Jinyi","Chaudhuri Arka Sen","...","Sun Jie"],"journal":"bioRxiv","date":"2025-09-22","pmid":"","doi":"","pmcid":"","cited_by_count":0,"techniques":["Binding Assay","Clinical Proteomics","Flow Cytometry","Infection","Recombinant"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"The role of 25-hydroxycholesterol in the pathophysiology of brain vessel dysfunction associated with infection and cholesterol dysregulation.","authors":["Victor S Tapia","Sarah E Withers","...","Paul R Kasher"],"journal":"Disease Models & Mechanisms","date":"2025-05-23","pmid":"40406995","doi":"10.1242/dmm.052145","pmcid":"","cited_by_count":2,"techniques":["Control","In Vivo","Incubation","Injection"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"Durability of Functional SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immunological Memory and T Cell Response up to 8-9 Months Postrecovery From COVID-19.","authors":["Diptee Trimbake","Dharmendra Singh","...","Anuradha S Tripathy"],"journal":"Journal of immunology research","date":"2025-02-18","pmid":"39963186","doi":"","pmcid":"","cited_by_count":1,"techniques":["Cell Culture","FACS","Isolation","Recombinant","Software","Staining"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"Humoral and cellular immune response to AZD1222 /Covishield and BV152/Covaxin COVID-19 vaccines among adults in India","authors":["Anuradha S. Tripathy","Dharmendra Singh","...","Milind Kulkarni"],"journal":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics","date":"2024-10-21","pmid":"39434214","doi":"10.1080/21645515.2024.2410579","pmcid":"11497953","cited_by_count":3,"techniques":["Cell Culture","Flow Cytometry","Isolation","Recombinant","Staining"],"bioz_score":"93"},{"title":"Using ex vivo bioengineered lungs to model pathologies and screening therapeutics: A proof-of-concept study.","authors":["Mohammadali Ahmadipour","Jorge Castilo Prado","...","Ian M Rogers"],"journal":"Biotechnology and bioengineering","date":"2024-06-04","pmid":"38837764","doi":"10.1002/bit.28754","pmcid":"","cited_by_count":1,"techniques":["Cell Culture","Ex Vivo","Infection","Recombinant"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"25-hydroxycholesterol dysregulates brain endothelial cell function and exacerbates cerebral haemorrhage","authors":["Tapia Victor S.","Withers Sarah E.","...","Kasher Paul R."],"journal":"bioRxiv","date":"2024-05-10","pmid":"","doi":"10.1101/2024.05.10.590792","pmcid":"","cited_by_count":0,"techniques":["Blocking Assay","Expressing","Immunofluorescence","In Vivo","Incubation","Injection","MANN-WHITNEY","Microscopy","Molecular Weight","Selection","Software","Staining"],"bioz_score":"93"},{"title":"ACE2-independent SARS-CoV-2 virus entry through cell surface GRP78 on monocytes - evidence from a translational clinical and experimental approach.","authors":["Bing Han","Yibing Lv","...","Ping Lei"],"journal":"EBioMedicine","date":"2023-12-16","pmid":"37967509","doi":"","pmcid":"","cited_by_count":21,"techniques":["Incubation","Recombinant"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection affects blood platelets, a comparative analysis with Delta variant","authors":["Cédric Garcia","Baptiste Compagnon","...","Bernard Payrastre"],"journal":"Frontiers in Immunology","date":"2023-09-27","pmid":"37828997","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2023.1231576","pmcid":"10565689","cited_by_count":12,"techniques":["Recombinant"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"Exploring the binding effect and mechanism of glycyrrhizin to ovomucin by combining spectroscopic analysis and molecular docking.","authors":["Zhu Shengnan","Zhou Yingjie","...","Shan Yuanyuan"],"journal":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules","date":"2023-08-01","pmid":"37356685","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125535","pmcid":"","cited_by_count":1,"techniques":[],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"Multiplexed evaluation of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 variants using surface enhanced fluorescence from a nanostructured plasmonic chip","authors":["Ruibin Hu","Yang Yang","...","Bo Zhang"],"journal":"Journal of Nanobiotechnology","date":"2022-12-15","pmid":"36522786","doi":"10.1186/s12951-022-01687-0","pmcid":"9753017","cited_by_count":5,"techniques":["Blocking Assay","Concentration Assay","Fluorescence","Infection","Labeling","Mutagenesis","Negative Control","Positive Control","Recombinant","Standard Deviation","Titration","Variant Assay"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"Optimized ACE2 decoys neutralize antibody-resistant SARS-CoV-2 variants through functional receptor mimicry and treat infection in vivo","authors":["James A. Torchia","Alexander H. Tavares","...","Gordon J. Freeman"],"journal":"Science Advances","date":"2022-12-01","pmid":"36475798","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.abq6527","pmcid":"9728973","cited_by_count":26,"techniques":["Binding Assay","Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay","Incubation","Inhibition","Membrane","Protein Binding","Recombinant","Western Blot"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"Serum Fc-Mediated Monocyte Phagocytosis Activity Is Stable for Several Months after SARS-CoV-2 Asymptomatic and Mildly Symptomatic Infection","authors":["Sindhu Vangeti","Sivakumar Periasamy","...","Angela I. Bordin"],"journal":"Microbiology Spectrum","date":"2022-11-14","pmid":"36374040","doi":"10.1128/spectrum.01837-22","pmcid":"9769986","cited_by_count":6,"techniques":[],"bioz_score":"93"},{"title":"Irradiation of UVC LED at 277 nm inactivates coronaviruses in association to photodegradation of spike protein","authors":["Qunxiang Ong","J.W. Ronnie Teo","...","Weiping Han"],"journal":"Heliyon","date":"2022-10-17","pmid":"","doi":"10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11132","pmcid":"9575548","cited_by_count":6,"techniques":["Purification","Recombinant","Silver Staining","Software"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"DNA-delivered antibody cocktail exhibits improved pharmacokinetics and confers prophylactic protection against SARS-CoV-2","authors":["Elizabeth M. Parzych","Jianqiu Du","...","David B. Weiner"],"journal":"Nature Communications","date":"2022-10-06","pmid":"36202799","doi":"10.1038/s41467-022-33309-6","pmcid":"9537531","cited_by_count":21,"techniques":["Activity Assay","Binding Assay","Clone Assay","Construct","Control","Derivative Assay","Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay","Expressing","Histopathology","MANN-WHITNEY","Mutagenesis","Neutralization","Plasmid Preparation","Recombinant","Staining","Two Tailed Test","Variant Assay"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"Asymptomatic or symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection plus vaccination confers increased adaptive immunity to variants of concern","authors":["Peifang Sun","Irene Ramos","...","Andrew G. Letizia"],"journal":"iScience","date":"2022-09-23","pmid":"36168391","doi":"10.1016/j.isci.2022.105202","pmcid":"9502440","cited_by_count":8,"techniques":["Derivative Assay","Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay","Expressing","Plasmid Preparation","Produced","Recombinant","Software","Staining","Transfection"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"Potent universal beta-coronavirus therapeutic activity mediated by direct respiratory administration of a Spike S2 domain-specific human neutralizing monoclonal antibody","authors":["Michael S. Piepenbrink","Jun-Gyu Park","...","Stanley Perlman"],"journal":"PLoS Pathogens","date":"2022-07-21","pmid":"35862475","doi":"","pmcid":"9302814","cited_by_count":27,"techniques":["Adsorption","Binding Assay","Concentration Assay","Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay","Expressing","Flow Cytometry","Fluorescence","Imaging","Immunofluorescence","Immunostaining","Incubation","Infection","Injection","Mutagenesis","Neutralization","Plaque Assay","Purification","Recombinant","SPR Assay","Staining","Titration","Transgenic Assay"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"Respiratory mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2 following mRNA vaccination","authors":["Jinyi Tang","Cong Zeng","...","Jie Sun"],"journal":"Science immunology","date":"2022-07-19","pmid":"35857583","doi":"10.1126/sciimmunol.add4853","pmcid":"9348751","cited_by_count":217,"techniques":["Activity Assay","Binding Assay","Control","Infection","Recombinant","Virus"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"Relationship between ENaC Regulators and SARS-CoV-2 Virus Receptor (ACE2) Expression in Cultured Adult Human Fungiform (HBO) Taste Cells","authors":["Mehmet Hakan Ozdener","Sunila Mahavadi","...","Carlo Agostoni"],"journal":"Nutrients","date":"2022-06-29","pmid":"35807883","doi":"10.3390/nu14132703","pmcid":"9268489","cited_by_count":10,"techniques":["Binding Assay","Cell Culture","Expressing","Recombinant"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"Methylene Blue Is a Nonspecific Protein–Protein Interaction Inhibitor with Potential for Repurposing as an Antiviral for COVID-19","authors":["Sung-Ting Chuang","Henrietta Papp","...","Zoidis Grigoris"],"journal":"Pharmaceuticals","date":"2022-05-18","pmid":"35631447","doi":"10.3390/ph15050621","pmcid":"9144480","cited_by_count":11,"techniques":["Binding Assay"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"Distinct Cellular Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Pregnant Women.","authors":["Nardhy Gomez-Lopez","Roberto Romero","...","Yi Xu"],"journal":"Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)","date":"2022-04-15","pmid":"35379748","doi":"10.4049/jimmunol.2101123","pmcid":"","cited_by_count":20,"techniques":["Binding Assay","Cell Culture","Mutagenesis"],"bioz_score":"93"},{"title":"A cell-based ELISA as surrogate of virus neutralization assay for RBD SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies","authors":["Franciscary Pi-Estopiñan","Maria Teresa Pérez","...","Tays Hernández"],"journal":"Vaccine","date":"2022-02-15","pmid":"35193792","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.02.044","pmcid":"8856731","cited_by_count":9,"techniques":["Binding Assay","Cell Culture","In-Cell ELISA","Incubation","Neutralization","Produced"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"Mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern including Omicron following vaccination","authors":["Tang Jinyi","Zeng Cong","...","Sun Jie"],"journal":"medRxiv","date":"2022-01-27","pmid":"","doi":"10.1101/2022.01.26.22269659","pmcid":"","cited_by_count":1,"techniques":["Binding Assay","Recombinant"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"Common cardiac medications potently inhibit ACE2 binding to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike, and block virus penetration and infectivity in human lung cells","authors":["Hung Caohuy","Ofer Eidelman","...","Harvey B. Pollard"],"journal":"Scientific Reports","date":"2021-11-12","pmid":"34773067","doi":"10.1038/s41598-021-01690-9","pmcid":"8589851","cited_by_count":16,"techniques":["Binding Assay","Inhibition","Produced","Recombinant","Variant Assay"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"In Vitro Effect of Taraxacum officinale Leaf Aqueous Extract on the Interaction between ACE2 Cell Surface Receptor and SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein D614 and Four Mutants","authors":["Hoai Thi Thu Tran","Michael Gigl","...","Annie Mayence"],"journal":"Pharmaceuticals","date":"2021-10-17","pmid":"34681279","doi":"10.3390/ph14101055","pmcid":"8538008","cited_by_count":16,"techniques":["Binding Assay","Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay","Expressing","Flow Cytometry","Fluorescence","Incubation","Inhibition","Recombinant","Staining"],"bioz_score":"93"},{"title":"ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in human saliva can adsorb to the oral mucosal epithelium","authors":["Fucun Zhu","Yi Zhong","...","Hongming Du"],"journal":"Journal of anatomy","date":"2021-09-29","pmid":"34590312","doi":"10.1111/joa.13560","pmcid":"8662096","cited_by_count":26,"techniques":["Binding Assay","Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay","Incubation","Recombinant"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"An antigen microarray protocol for COVID-19 serological analysis","authors":["Joseph Longworth","Gunnar Dittmar"],"journal":"STAR Protocols","date":"2021-08-26","pmid":"34462737","doi":"10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100815","pmcid":"8387221","cited_by_count":8,"techniques":["Concentration Assay","High Performance Liquid Chromatography","Microarray","Recombinant","Software"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"“Molecular Masks” for ACE2 to Effectively and Safely Block SARS-CoV-2 Virus Entry","authors":["Satya Prakash Shukla","Kwang Bog Cho","...","Luisa Barzon"],"journal":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","date":"2021-08-20","pmid":"34445669","doi":"10.3390/ijms22168963","pmcid":"8396575","cited_by_count":10,"techniques":["Binding Assay","Blocking Assay","Centrifugation","Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay","Expressing","Fluorescence","Incubation","Infection","Luciferase","Mutagenesis","Pull Down Assay","Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction","Recombinant","Reporter Assay","Staining","Standard Deviation","Thermal Shift Assay","Western Blot"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"Rapid and Efficient Detection of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Using an Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Sensor","authors":["Andrea Idili","Claudio Parolo","...","Arben Merkoçi"],"journal":"ACS Sensors","date":"2021-08-10","pmid":"34375076","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.1c01222","pmcid":"8370117","cited_by_count":83,"techniques":["Concentration Assay","Recombinant"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"Full-Length Recombinant hSP-D Binds and Inhibits SARS-CoV-2","authors":["Raquel Arroyo","Shawn N. Grant","...","Jesús Pérez-Gil"],"journal":"Biomolecules","date":"2021-07-28","pmid":"34439781","doi":"10.3390/biom11081114","pmcid":"8393632","cited_by_count":13,"techniques":["Recombinant"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"Cornering an Ever-Evolving Coronavirus: TATX-03, a fully human synergistic multi-antibody cocktail targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with in vivo efficacy","authors":["Roodink Ilse","van Erp Maartje","...","Abdiche Yasmina N"],"journal":"bioRxiv","date":"2021-07-21","pmid":"","doi":"10.1101/2021.07.20.452858","pmcid":"","cited_by_count":0,"techniques":[],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"Early antibody responses associated with survival in COVID19 patients","authors":["Zhao-Hua Zhou","Sai Dharmarajan","...","Kanta Subbarao"],"journal":"PLoS Pathogens","date":"2021-07-19","pmid":"34280244","doi":"10.1371/journal.ppat.1009766","pmcid":"8321400","cited_by_count":13,"techniques":["Crocin Bleaching Assay","Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay","Flow Cytometry","Functional Assay","Recombinant"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"Heparan Sulfate Facilitates Spike Protein-Mediated SARS-CoV-2 Host Cell Invasion and Contributes to Increased Infection of SARS-CoV-2 G614 Mutant and in Lung Cancer","authors":["Jingwen Yue","Weihua Jin","...","Lianchun Wang"],"journal":"Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences","date":"2021-06-11","pmid":"34179075","doi":"10.3389/fmolb.2021.649575","pmcid":"8231436","cited_by_count":38,"techniques":["Activity Assay","Binding Assay","Blocking Assay","Cell Culture","Expressing","Flow Cytometry","Fluorescence","In-Cell ELISA","Incubation","Infection","Inhibition","Injection","Luciferase","Modification","Mutagenesis","Plasmid Preparation","Protein Binding","SPR Assay","Staining","Transfection","Variant Assay"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"Common cardiac medications potently inhibit ACE2 binding to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike, and block virus penetration into human lung cells","authors":["Caohuy Hung","Eidelman Ofer","...","Pollard Harvey B."],"journal":"bioRxiv","date":"2021-06-02","pmid":"","doi":"10.1101/2021.06.02.446343","pmcid":"","cited_by_count":0,"techniques":["Purification","Recombinant"],"bioz_score":"94"},{"title":"Cross-reactive coronavirus antibodies with diverse epitope specificities and Fc effector functions","authors":["Andrea R. Shiakolas","Kevin J. Kramer","...","Ivelin S. 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